[e2e] Clock Synchronization Protocols/Algorithms

Bill Manning bmanning at ISI.EDU
Wed Oct 31 13:09:28 PST 2001


I've seen some clocks that are w/in 20usec.  Really, NTP is your friend.


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% Hi Bill
% 
%    I would like the jitter to b within 200 usec.
% 
%    How precise NTP can be ? 
% 
%    Hesham
% 
% -----Original Message-----
% From: Bill Manning [mailto:bmanning at ISI.EDU]
% Sent: Wednesday, October 31, 2001 12:43 PM
% To: Elbakoury, Hesham [SC5:323:EXCH]
% Cc: braden at ISI.EDU; end2end-interest at postel.org
% Subject: Re: [e2e] Clock Synchronization Protocols/Algorithms
% 
% 
% 
% 	How accurate do you need?   NTP can be very precise.
% 
% 
% % 
% % This message is in MIME format. Since your mail reader does not understand
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% % 
% % Hi Bob
% % 
% %   I know about NTP. I am looking for other protocols that can provide more
% % accurate clock synchronization.
% % 
% %   Thanks
% % 
% %   Hesham
% % 
% % -----Original Message-----
% % From: Bob Braden [mailto:braden at ISI.EDU]
% % Sent: Wednesday, October 31, 2001 12:00 PM
% % To: end2end-interest at postel.org; Elbakoury, Hesham [SC5:323:EXCH]
% % Subject: Re: [e2e] Clock Synchronization Protocols/Algorithms
% % 
% % 
% % 
% %   *> From end2end-interest-admin at postel.org  Wed Oct 31 11:55:34 2001
% %   *> From: "Hesham Elbakoury" <helbakou at nortelnetworks.com>
% %   *> To: end2end-interest at postel.org
% %   *> Importance: high
% %   *> X-Priority: 1
% %   *> MIME-Version: 1.0
% %   *> X-Orig: <helbakou at americasm06.nt.com>
% %   *> Subject: [e2e] Clock Synchronization Protocols/Algorithms
% %   *> X-BeenThere: end2end-interest at postel.org
% %   *> X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.1
% %   *> List-Help: <mailto:end2end-interest-request at postel.org?subject=help>
% %   *> List-Archive: <http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/>
% %   *> Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 11:51:01 -0800
% %   *> 
% %   *> 
% %   *>    I am interested to find out what are the protocols (e.g. NTP) that
% % are
% %   *> developed for clock synchronization and their methods 
% %   *>    to reduce/eliminate the effect of jitter in the distribution of
% %   *> clock/timestamp informations. This jitter is due to queuing delays
% and
% %   *>    S/W packet processing overhead.
% %   *> 
% %   *>    Thanks
% %   *> 
% %   *>    Hesham
% % 
% % Go to the RFC Editor Web page www.rfc-editor.org and search for "NTP".
% % 
% % Bob Braden
% % 
% % ------_=_NextPart_001_01C1624C.0D60AA80
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% % <BODY>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>Hi Bob</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; I know about NTP. I am looking for other =
% % protocols that can provide more accurate clock synchronization.</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; Thanks</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; Hesham</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>-----Original Message-----</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>From: Bob Braden [<A =
% % HREF=3D"mailto:braden at ISI.EDU">mailto:braden at ISI.EDU</A>]</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>Sent: Wednesday, October 31, 2001 12:00 PM</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>To: end2end-interest at postel.org; Elbakoury, Hesham =
% % [SC5:323:EXCH]</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>Subject: Re: [e2e] Clock Synchronization =
% % Protocols/Algorithms</FONT>
% % </P>
% % <BR>
% % <BR>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; From =
% % end2end-interest-admin at postel.org&nbsp; Wed Oct 31 11:55:34 2001</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; From: &quot;Hesham Elbakoury&quot; =
% % &lt;helbakou at nortelnetworks.com&gt;</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; To: end2end-interest at postel.org</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; Importance: high</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; X-Priority: 1</FONT>
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% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; X-Orig: =
% % &lt;helbakou at americasm06.nt.com&gt;</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; Subject: [e2e] Clock Synchronization =
% % Protocols/Algorithms</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; X-BeenThere: =
% % end2end-interest at postel.org</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.1</FONT>
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% % gt;</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 11:51:01 =
% % -0800</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I am interested to =
% % find out what are the protocols (e.g. NTP) that are</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; developed for clock synchronization and =
% % their methods </FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to reduce/eliminate =
% % the effect of jitter in the distribution of</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; clock/timestamp informations. This =
% % jitter is due to queuing delays and</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S/W packet processing =
% % overhead.</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Thanks</FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% % <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hesham</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>Go to the RFC Editor Web page www.rfc-editor.org and =
% % search for &quot;NTP&quot;.</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>Bob Braden</FONT>
% % </P>
% % 
% % </BODY>
% % </HTML>
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% 
% 
% -- 
% --bill
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% </HEAD>
% <BODY>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>Hi Bill</FONT>
% </P>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp;&nbsp; I would like the jitter to b within 200 =
% usec.</FONT>
% </P>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp;&nbsp; How precise NTP can be ? </FONT>
% </P>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hesham</FONT>
% </P>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>-----Original Message-----</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>From: Bill Manning [<A =
% HREF=3D"mailto:bmanning at ISI.EDU">mailto:bmanning at ISI.EDU</A>]</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>Sent: Wednesday, October 31, 2001 12:43 PM</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>To: Elbakoury, Hesham [SC5:323:EXCH]</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>Cc: braden at ISI.EDU; =
% end2end-interest at postel.org</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>Subject: Re: [e2e] Clock Synchronization =
% Protocols/Algorithms</FONT>
% </P>
% <BR>
% <BR>
% 
% <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <FONT SIZE=3D2>How =
% accurate do you need?&nbsp;&nbsp; NTP can be very precise.</FONT>
% </P>
% <BR>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% This message is in MIME format. Since your mail =
% reader does not understand</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% this format, some or all of this message may not =
% be legible.</FONT>
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% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
% charset=3D&quot;iso-8859-1&quot;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Hi Bob</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; I know about NTP. I am looking for =
% other protocols that can provide more</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% accurate clock synchronization.</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; Thanks</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; Hesham</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% -----Original Message-----</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% From: Bob Braden [<A =
% HREF=3D"mailto:braden at ISI.EDU">mailto:braden at ISI.EDU</A>]</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Sent: Wednesday, October 31, 2001 12:00 PM</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% To: end2end-interest at postel.org; Elbakoury, Hesham =
% [SC5:323:EXCH]</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Subject: Re: [e2e] Clock Synchronization =
% Protocols/Algorithms</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; From =
% end2end-interest-admin at postel.org&nbsp; Wed Oct 31 11:55:34 2001</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; From: &quot;Hesham =
% Elbakoury&quot; &lt;helbakou at nortelnetworks.com&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; To: =
% end2end-interest at postel.org</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; Importance: high</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; X-Priority: 1</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; MIME-Version: 1.0</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; X-Orig: =
% &lt;helbakou at americasm06.nt.com&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; Subject: [e2e] Clock =
% Synchronization Protocols/Algorithms</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; X-BeenThere: =
% end2end-interest at postel.org</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.1</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; List-Help: &lt;<A =
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% gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 11:51:01 =
% -0800</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I am =
% interested to find out what are the protocols (e.g. NTP) that</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% are</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; developed for clock =
% synchronization and their methods </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to =
% reduce/eliminate the effect of jitter in the distribution of</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; clock/timestamp informations. =
% This jitter is due to queuing delays and</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S/W packet =
% processing overhead.</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Thanks</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt; </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>%&nbsp;&nbsp; *&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hesham</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Go to the RFC Editor Web page www.rfc-editor.org =
% and search for &quot;NTP&quot;.</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Bob Braden</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
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% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;Hi =
% Bob&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; I know =
% about NTP. I am looking for other =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% protocols that can provide more accurate clock =
% synchronization.&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% Thanks&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% Hesham&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;-----Original =
% Message-----&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;From: Bob Braden =
% [&lt;A =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% HREF=3D3D&quot;<A =
% HREF=3D"mailto:braden at ISI.EDU">mailto:braden at ISI.EDU</A>&quot;&gt;<A =
% HREF=3D"mailto:braden at ISI.EDU">mailto:braden at ISI.EDU</A>&lt;/A&gt;]&lt;/=
% FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;Sent: Wednesday, =
% October 31, 2001 12:00 PM&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;To: =
% end2end-interest at postel.org; Elbakoury, Hesham =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% [SC5:323:EXCH]&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;Subject: Re: =
% [e2e] Clock Synchronization =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% Protocols/Algorithms&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; From =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% end2end-interest-admin at postel.org&amp;nbsp; Wed =
% Oct 31 11:55:34 2001&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; From: &amp;quot;Hesham Elbakoury&amp;quot; =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% =
% &amp;lt;helbakou at nortelnetworks.com&amp;gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
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% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% HREF=3D3D&quot;<A =
% HREF=3D"http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/" =
% TARGET=3D"_blank">http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/</A>&=
% quot; =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% TARGET=3D3D&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;<A =
% HREF=3D"http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/" =
% TARGET=3D"_blank">http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/</A>&=
% lt;/A&gt;&amp;=3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 11:51:01 =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% -0800&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I am interested to =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% find out what are the protocols (e.g. NTP) that =
% are&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; developed for clock synchronization and =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% their methods &lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; to reduce/eliminate =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% the effect of jitter in the distribution =
% of&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; clock/timestamp informations. This =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% jitter is due to queuing delays =
% and&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; S/W packet processing =
% =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% overhead.&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Thanks&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;&amp;nbsp; =
% *&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hesham&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;Go to the RFC =
% Editor Web page www.rfc-editor.org and =3D</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% search for =
% &amp;quot;NTP&amp;quot;.&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3D3D2&gt;Bob =
% Braden&lt;/FONT&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/P&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/BODY&gt;</FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% &lt;/HTML&gt;</FONT>
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% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>% </FONT>
% </P>
% <BR>
% 
% <P><FONT SIZE=3D2>-- </FONT>
% <BR><FONT SIZE=3D2>--bill</FONT>
% </P>
% 
% </BODY>
% </HTML>
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% 


-- 
--bill



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